Sustained Release

rug delivery systems based on nanoparticles have been of great interest because of its capability to circumvent some of the key shortcomings of traditional drug therapies, such as low solubility, short half-life, and indifferent distribution. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs can be efficiently encapsulated and released through controlled release by their nanoscale, high surface area and tunable physicochemical properties. Animal-based studies have shown evidence of improved therapeutic performance in different disease models, including cancer, neurological disorders, chronic inflammation and wound infections. Polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoparticles, and metallic nanoparticles exhibit better biodistribution, have extended circulation and concentration at diseased locations due to passive targeting such as the Enhanced Permeation and Retention (EPR) effect and active targeting by ligand. Such systems help in decreased systemic toxicity and enhanced treatment outcomes. Nonetheless, there are still problems with long-term safety evaluation, organ build up, immunogenicity and mass production. The safety analyses that have been conducted in animal models emphasize this fact, namely that nanoparticle composition, size, biodegradability and surface properties should be optimized to reduce adverse effects. In general, nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have a bright future ahead of them because they would provide better, safer, and disease-targeted treatment procedures.

This paper explores the preparation of nanoparticles employing the herbal extract in the form of green chemistry that is environmental friendly. The problems inherent with conventional synthesis of nanoparticles, such as the use of extremely harsh chemicals and the intensity of the process, can be dealt with using the herbal-mediated synthesis that is free of costs, biocompatible and environmentally friendly. In this study, emphasis will therefore be made on the phytochemicals in the different medicinal plants (i.e. such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and phenolics) used in the synthesis of nanoparticles, as reducing and stabilizing agents. The nanoparticles synthesized showed great antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activity, which illustrates a possible use as a biomedical agent. Advanced characterization through analytical methods used indicated stability, uniformity and nanometer dimensions. The comparative analysis of the already existing literature was done on the basis of highlighting the virtues of the green-synthesized nanoparticles in the aspects of its safety, eco-friendliness, and multifunctionality in therapeutic applications. The results help to increase the ever-evolving literature that suggests that herbal-based green synthesis mitigates the risk associated with environmental pollution and increases the pharmacological worth of nanoparticles. This paper has established that the green synthesized nanoparticles have potential uses within the realms of medicine, drug delivery and sustainable nanotechnology in the future.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have wide applicability in management of inflammatory and pain related diseases but limited applicability is characterized by common use and gastrointestinal disturbance. Present study is the trying to come up with sustained release (SR) matrix tablets of NSAIDs using hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers and correlate the results of in-vitro drug release with the in-vivo pharmacokinetics response. The Ibuprofen drug was selected to be the model, and the direct compression of matrix tablet with HPMC K100M and ethyl cellulose was done. The drug was undergone in-vitro dissolution study using USP-II apparatus with phosphate buffer (pH7.2) and during in-vivo pharmacokinetics testing using healthy volunteers approach crossover study. They came up with a favourable Level An in-vitro/ in-vivo correlation (IVIVC) (R 2= 0.987), showing that the in-vitro kinetics of drug released is a fair representation of the average put on plasma. Sustained release matrix has succeeded in prolonging the duration of drug release to 12 hours and reduced Cmax which contributed to reduction of adverse effects related to a peak. These findings encourage studies into establishing the means of developing SR NSAID formulation to assist in GI toxicity and compliance in patients.

The development of targeted medication delivery systems has created new ways to improve treatment outcomes, especially with the help of nanotechnology. The goal of this work was to create and describe pH-sensitive nanoparticles that would improve drug delivery by releasing the drug more in the intestines or other physiological settings and less in the stomach. We made nanoparticles in a lab by changing the ratio of polymer to drug using Eudragit® S100, PLGA, and chitosan. Characterization showed that larger polymer concentrations made the particles bigger (145–203 nm) and gave them more negative zeta potentials, which meant they were more stable. The efficiency of drug entrapment ranged from 61% to 84%, and it got better as the amount of polymer rose. SEM analysis indicated that the particles were spherical and evenly spread out. In vitro release assays showed that the drug's release depended on pH, with the least release at pH 1.2 and the most release between pH 6.8 and 7.4. ANOVA and Tukey HSD statistical tests showed that these results were strong. In general, the work shows that pH-sensitive nanoparticles could be good carriers for targeted oral medication administration.

Floating Drug Delivery Systems (FDDS) offer a promising approach for enhancing the gastric retention time of orally administered drugs, especially those with a narrow absorption window in the upper gastrointestinal tract. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate FDDS tablets using different concentrations of hydrophilic polymers and gas-generating agents to ensure prolonged gastric residence and sustained drug release. Four formulations were prepared by direct compression and assessed for physical properties, buoyancy behavior, swelling index, drug content uniformity, and in vitro drug release over 12 hours. Among them, Formulation F4 demonstrated optimal performance, exhibiting the shortest floating lag time (25 seconds), longest floatation (>12 hours), highest swelling index (162%), and maximum cumulative drug release (96.7%). One-way ANOVA confirmed statistically significant differences in drug release and swelling index among the formulations (p