Journal of Pharmaceutical
Research and Integrated Medical Sciences

The present study was designed to evaluate the anthelmintic potential of bark extract of Ficus religiosa Linn. The methanolic extract of Ficus religiosa & its aqueous extract at different concentrations (25, 50,100 mg /ml) were tested on Indian adult earthworm (Pheretimaposthuma) by in vitro standard procedure. Time of paralysis and time of death of the worms were considered as the parameters to assess the anthelmintic action. Albendazole and 2% gum acacia in distilled water were used as standard and control respectively. The methanolic fraction of extract exhibited potent anthelmintic activity compared to aqueous extracts evidenced by significant decrease in time of paralysis & death. Evaluation of anthelmintic activity by aqueous extract at 100mg/ml concentration showed time of paralysis & time of death as 7.01 & 13.20 min. Whereas for methanolic extract fraction, it was 5.4& 8.16 min.The reference standard Albendazole showed the time of paralysis & time of death as 1.22 & 2.30 min. respectivelyThe observed activity could be due to the presence to phenolic compounds, particularly tannins in the test extract. These in-vitro studies indicated that the Ficus religiosa Linn is a significant source of natural anthelmintic, which might be helpful in preventing the progress of various parasitic disorders. Intestinal parasitic infections are one of the main health problems, especially in developing countries, and particularly in children. Inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene may be the reason behind it [1]. Anthelmintic are drugs that either kill or expel infesting helminthes and the gastrointestinal tract is the abode of many helminths, although some also live in tissues, or their larvae migrate into tissues. They harm the host depriving him of food, causing blood loss, injury to organs, intestinal or lymphatic obstruction and by secreting toxins. Helminthiasis is rarely fatal, but is a major cause of morbidity [2]. The world health organization (WHO) has estimated that approximately 80% of the world’s population depends on traditional medicines for meeting their primary health careneeds [3]. Numbers of synthetic drugs like mebendazole, albendazole, piperazine, pyrantel, are used to control and prevent from the infection, used as broad spectrum anthelmintic drug. Long term use of this synthetic medicine associated with various adverse effects like tolerance, resistance, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, dizziness, and abdominal pain. Therefore, search for new drugs is essential from natural source [4]. Today, gastrointestinal anthelmintic. However, wide-spread increase in anthelmintic resistance, scarcity and high costs, particularly for low-income farmers in developing among other alternative methods [5]. The aim of the study is to evaluate anthelmintic potential of bark extracts of Ficus religiosa.

Microbial bioremediation has become an interesting and sustainable technique for dealing with pollution of the environment through microbial degradation, transformation, immobilization, and recovery of contaminants. This review looks into recent developments of microbial bioremediation with focus on pollutants such as wastewater, pharmaceuticals and antibiotics, heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, plastics, microplastics and other emerging pollutants. Mechanisms employed by microbes include biodegradation, biosorption, bioaccumulation and biotransformation together with advancements in the use of bioaugmentation, microbial consortia, microbial electrochemical systems, omics technology, and genetically modified microbes. The reviewed research shows that microbial technologies have the potential of providing efficient pollutant management as well as resource recovery in the form of biogas, microbial biomass, biopolymers, nutrients and metals, thus making circular economy possible. However, some limitations like slow degradation rate, incomplete mineralization, formation of toxic metabolites, instability of the microbes, antibiotic resistance, lack of field studies, scalability issues and biosafety concerns are evident. Future studies should focus on long-term field investigations, realistic environmental matrix, understanding of microbial community dynamics, transformation product identification and use of advanced biotechnology, life cycle assessment and process engineering. In general, microbial bioremediation holds great promise towards sustainable future but development of efficient, safe, scalable, resource recovery and human relevant technologies is crucial.

Methanolic extract of Trigonella foenum- graecum (seed) and Asparagus racemosus(root) were studied in the mice and rat both. The study applied the Force Swim Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST). Poor mood, low energy, oxidative stress, diminished motivation, and compromised emotional functioning are the main symptoms of depression. Depression is the common neuropsychiatric illness. Medicinal plants like T. foenum- graecum and A. racemosus have possible neuroprotective and mood- modulating qualities which has been prompted by the drawbacks of traditional antidepressant medication. Both T.foenum- graecum and A.racemosus have no of physiologically active components and have been shown to have neuropharmacological and adaptogenic effects. The goal of the current investigation was to assess the antidepressant activity of T. foenum- graecum(seed) and A. racemosus (root) using the FST and TST. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the combination formulation behavioral reaction to that of the control and conventional treatment groups. A. racemosus has shown antidepressant like action which is linked to noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, previous experimental research suggest that flavonoids produced from fenugreek can Affect monoaminergic pathways. Therefore, by modifying neurotransmitter function and associated stress- response pathways, the combination formulations may offer a supplementary pharmaceutical strategy. The outcome of this study may offer initial scientific proof in favor of this herbal combination’s further investigation and mechanistic assessment as a viable antidepressant formulation.