Journal of Pharmaceutical
Research and Integrated Medical Sciences

Context: One of the most prevalent comorbidities in the ART era is Human immunodeficiency virus-related neurocognitive disorder. The prevalence of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder is said to vary from 20% to 88%. A promising approach to treating and preventing neurocognitive problems in Human immunodeficiency virus-positive individuals is the encapsulation of nanosized antiretrovirals in various polymers, which can improve their absorption into the central nervous system and other latent viral reservoirs.Primary text: The term HAND refers to the range of neurocognitive impairments associated with Human immunodeficiency virus infection. Declining brain activity leads to neurocognitive issues.Although ART has been utilised to improve cognitive function and reverse the course of the disease, hand diseases presently lack a distinct form of therapy. Adsorbed onto or incorporated into a polymer matrix, polymeric nanoformulations are solid colloidal systems containing active therapeutic ingredients. Particle sizes for these substances range from 1 to 1,000 nm. An array of hydrophilic and hydrophobic medications, vaccines, peptides, and biological macromolecules may be delivered in a controlled manner using polymeric nanoformulations. Conclusion: When PNPs are actively targeted, promising outcomes have been shown in preclinical research and, in certain situations, early clinical trials. Since polymeric nanoformulations have the potential to eliminate latent viral reservoirs, more Study is needed on their use in HAND treatment. Furthermore, new antiviral drugs that are safe, effective, and simple to use for both adult and pediatric HIV+ patients are required.

Poor aqueous solubility remains one of the most significant challenges in pharmaceutical development, affecting approximately 40% of marketed drugs and 70–90% of developmental candidates. This constraint translates directly into inadequate oral bioavailability, reduced therapeutic efficacy, high inter- and intra-subject variability, and compromised dose proportionality. The Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) characterises drugs with low solubility and high permeability (Class II) and those with both low solubility and permeability (Class IV) as particularly problematic for conventional oral formulation. Over the past two decades, three primary technological paradigms have emerged to address this challenge: solid dispersions, lipid-based formulations, and nanotechnology-enabled delivery systems. This review synthesises recent advances (2022–2025) across these platforms, examining their mechanistic basis, formulation strategies, in vivo performance, and regulatory landscape. We demonstrate that hybrid approaches combining multiple technologies now routinely achieve 3–7-fold improvements in oral bioavailability and are increasingly entering clinical practice

Eyelid twitching and involuntary facial muscle spasms have become common neuromuscular disorders due to stress, anxiety, sleeplessness, prolonged computer usage, exhaustion, and other external factors. The purpose of this review is to discuss various neurophysiological, psychosomatic, environmental, and medical aspects of eye twitching disorders such as eyelid myokymia, hemifacial spasm, and blepharospasm in highly stressed people. Human research demonstrates that chronic stress along with dysfunction in the autonomic nervous system plays an important role in neuromuscular hyperactivity and ocular muscle spasms. Magnesium is discussed in this review as an important nutrient for nerve signaling, muscle relaxation, and neurotransmitter function. Therefore, magnesium intake in combination with stress management methods like meditation, yoga, and sleep may help alleviate the symptoms of eyelid twitches. Neurological complications like hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm generally require the intervention of drugs, neurological procedures like botulinum toxin injection therapy, anticonvulsants, and microvascular decompression surgery. The review also touches upon the effects of prolonged muscular spasm within the eye muscles on emotions, occupation, and quality of life from a psychosocial perspective. While previous human-based studies have shed light on various clinical aspects of the subject, there remain certain issues like small sample size, variation in therapeutic protocols, and absence of longitudinal studies that underscore the need for further clinical research.