Pharmacokinetics

Syphilis is a chronic and multi-stage infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum, which has a rapid spread, resistance to immune responses, and chronic infection. This review is a synthesis of animal evidence to study the pathogenesis, clinical synergies, diagnostic plans, treatment plans, and epidemiological implications of the disease. The use of animal models, especially rabbits, has been critical in understanding the interaction of the host and pathogen, development of lesions, and immunological reactions. This research indicates the relative performance of the traditional and reverse screening algorithm, which shows that reverse screening has a better sensitivity during both early and latent periods, whereas the traditional approach is useful in monitoring active infection. The development of molecular diagnostics, particularly PCR and immunoassays, has improved early diagnosis and evaluation of the disease, whereas penicillin remains the most effective treatment despite the emerging resistance issues in other treatments. Additionally, experimental epidemiological research adds to the knowledge on the dynamics and persistence of transmission. Nevertheless, animal model limitations and issues with vaccine development because of immune evasion remain a major problem. The review highlights the necessity of a better experimental model, combined diagnostic, and novel treatment and vaccine options to improve the management of the disease and future research outcomes.

Hypertension is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and requires the development of better drug delivery methods to help maintain long-term drug control. Nifedipine is designed as a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker but is hampered by inadequate aqueous solubility, thorough first pass metabolism, and short biological half-life. Liposomal nanocarriers, especially elastic and deformable vesicles, have been discovered as potential systems to overcome the limitations. This systematic review and meta-analysis assess the efficacy of liposome formulations in improving the delivery of nifedipine, specifically entrapment efficiency, nifedipine permeation, release kinetics and therapeutic outcomes. Statistic and systematic search of "sur varieties and performance" Eligible studies were identified by systematic search of the literature in PubMed, Scopus and Web of science since 2015-2025. Quantitative synthesis was shown to provide much greater entrapment efficiency (+18.6%), peak permeation rates (standardized mean difference: 1.42) and drug release profiles over time than conventional formulations. Elastic liposomes always outperformed regular liposomes in terms of transdermal delivery and stability. The results confirm that liposomal nanocarriers are substantially able to improve the bioavailability and therapeutic performance of nifedipine, and also provide support for the potential of nifedipine as an antihypertensive drug in an advancement treatment.

The invention of good vaccines is one of the most important milestones in global health. Nonetheless, adverse factors like lack of immunogenicity, low antigen stability and the requirement to treat several times has led to the development of novel delivery mechanisms. Niosomes, which are vesicles made of non-ionic surfactants, have also become a promising mode of delivery of vaccines as they are capable of encapsulation of the hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic antigens, controlled release, and stimulation of immune responses. This paper discusses how niosome-based vaccines can be used to enhance antigen presentation, generate humoral and cellular immunity and deal with issues in traditional vaccine preparations. The review is methodologically based on the synthesis of the findings of the available pre-clinical and clinical trials in order to assess the design of the vaccines, their mechanism of action, and immunological effects of niosome-based vaccines. Findings present that niosome formulations enhance stability of antigens, extend the period of circulation, and increase immunogenic reactions relative to conventional adjuvants. The discussion presents their benefits, current weaknesses, and future opportunities in vaccine development particularly in infectious disease and cancer immunotherapy.

This paper explores the preparation of nanoparticles employing the herbal extract in the form of green chemistry that is environmental friendly. The problems inherent with conventional synthesis of nanoparticles, such as the use of extremely harsh chemicals and the intensity of the process, can be dealt with using the herbal-mediated synthesis that is free of costs, biocompatible and environmentally friendly. In this study, emphasis will therefore be made on the phytochemicals in the different medicinal plants (i.e. such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and phenolics) used in the synthesis of nanoparticles, as reducing and stabilizing agents. The nanoparticles synthesized showed great antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activity, which illustrates a possible use as a biomedical agent. Advanced characterization through analytical methods used indicated stability, uniformity and nanometer dimensions. The comparative analysis of the already existing literature was done on the basis of highlighting the virtues of the green-synthesized nanoparticles in the aspects of its safety, eco-friendliness, and multifunctionality in therapeutic applications. The results help to increase the ever-evolving literature that suggests that herbal-based green synthesis mitigates the risk associated with environmental pollution and increases the pharmacological worth of nanoparticles. This paper has established that the green synthesized nanoparticles have potential uses within the realms of medicine, drug delivery and sustainable nanotechnology in the future.