Drug Delivery

Syphilis is a chronic and multi-stage infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum, which has a rapid spread, resistance to immune responses, and chronic infection. This review is a synthesis of animal evidence to study the pathogenesis, clinical synergies, diagnostic plans, treatment plans, and epidemiological implications of the disease. The use of animal models, especially rabbits, has been critical in understanding the interaction of the host and pathogen, development of lesions, and immunological reactions. This research indicates the relative performance of the traditional and reverse screening algorithm, which shows that reverse screening has a better sensitivity during both early and latent periods, whereas the traditional approach is useful in monitoring active infection. The development of molecular diagnostics, particularly PCR and immunoassays, has improved early diagnosis and evaluation of the disease, whereas penicillin remains the most effective treatment despite the emerging resistance issues in other treatments. Additionally, experimental epidemiological research adds to the knowledge on the dynamics and persistence of transmission. Nevertheless, animal model limitations and issues with vaccine development because of immune evasion remain a major problem. The review highlights the necessity of a better experimental model, combined diagnostic, and novel treatment and vaccine options to improve the management of the disease and future research outcomes.

The present study compares three colon-targeted drug delivery systems; Eudragit S100-coated polymeric tablets, PLGA nanoparticles, and alginate hydrogel microspheres, developed for the controlled release of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU). Each formulation was prepared and optimized using distinct carriers and evaluated under simulated gastrointestinal (GI) conditions to assess their physicochemical characteristics, release behaviour, and stability. The formulations were characterized for particle size, surface charge, encapsulation efficiency, and swelling index. Morphological analysis confirmed smooth coating in polymeric tablets, spherical uniformity in nanoparticles, and a porous structure in hydrogels. In vitro dissolution studies revealed minimal drug release in gastric conditions (≤2% at pH 1.2) and sustained release at colonic pH (7.4). PLGA nanoparticles showed the most controlled release profile, achieving 92.1 ± 2.4% cumulative release at 24 hours, compared with 100.0 ± 3.1% for polymeric tablets and 85.4 ± 2.1% for hydrogels. Kinetic modeling indicated that all systems followed diffusion-dominated release, with nanoparticles best fitting the Higuchi model (R² = 0.981). Stability studies confirmed nanoparticle integrity under prolonged acidic and neutral exposure, while hydrogels exhibited partial deformation. Overall performance analysis identified PLGA nanoparticles as the most efficient system, demonstrating superior acid resistance, encapsulation efficiency, and colon-specific release. These findings suggest that nanoparticle-based carriers offer significant potential for achieving predictable, site-specific, and sustained drug delivery to the colon.

This paper explores the preparation of nanoparticles employing the herbal extract in the form of green chemistry that is environmental friendly. The problems inherent with conventional synthesis of nanoparticles, such as the use of extremely harsh chemicals and the intensity of the process, can be dealt with using the herbal-mediated synthesis that is free of costs, biocompatible and environmentally friendly. In this study, emphasis will therefore be made on the phytochemicals in the different medicinal plants (i.e. such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and phenolics) used in the synthesis of nanoparticles, as reducing and stabilizing agents. The nanoparticles synthesized showed great antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activity, which illustrates a possible use as a biomedical agent. Advanced characterization through analytical methods used indicated stability, uniformity and nanometer dimensions. The comparative analysis of the already existing literature was done on the basis of highlighting the virtues of the green-synthesized nanoparticles in the aspects of its safety, eco-friendliness, and multifunctionality in therapeutic applications. The results help to increase the ever-evolving literature that suggests that herbal-based green synthesis mitigates the risk associated with environmental pollution and increases the pharmacological worth of nanoparticles. This paper has established that the green synthesized nanoparticles have potential uses within the realms of medicine, drug delivery and sustainable nanotechnology in the future.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have wide applicability in management of inflammatory and pain related diseases but limited applicability is characterized by common use and gastrointestinal disturbance. Present study is the trying to come up with sustained release (SR) matrix tablets of NSAIDs using hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers and correlate the results of in-vitro drug release with the in-vivo pharmacokinetics response. The Ibuprofen drug was selected to be the model, and the direct compression of matrix tablet with HPMC K100M and ethyl cellulose was done. The drug was undergone in-vitro dissolution study using USP-II apparatus with phosphate buffer (pH7.2) and during in-vivo pharmacokinetics testing using healthy volunteers approach crossover study. They came up with a favourable Level An in-vitro/ in-vivo correlation (IVIVC) (R 2= 0.987), showing that the in-vitro kinetics of drug released is a fair representation of the average put on plasma. Sustained release matrix has succeeded in prolonging the duration of drug release to 12 hours and reduced Cmax which contributed to reduction of adverse effects related to a peak. These findings encourage studies into establishing the means of developing SR NSAID formulation to assist in GI toxicity and compliance in patients.

Patients who are suffering from illnesses that influence the central nervous system (CNS) struggle with getting medicine because of the presence of two barriers: the blood-cerebrospinal fluid boundary and the intrinsic blood-cerebrum obastruction (BBB). Both of these barriers make it hard to safely give prescription. There are various neurological conditions that are routinely perceived, including Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic parallel sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, to give some examples. In addition to these disorders, there are some that can affect the neurological system. Nanotechnology in drug conveyance systems is one therapy strategy that has the possibility to be powerful in the treatment of specific ailments. This is because nanotechnology has the capacity to control the distribution of drugs. To conquer the problems that have been presented and making progress in the conveyance of medications to the central nervous system, various approaches have been created to be successful. This research was completed determined to cast light on late advancements in the field of nanotherapeutics research and the possible consequences of these advancements in the treatment of illnesses that disable the central nervous system. The research was completed with the target of shedding light on these advancements. Another subject that is investigated is the challenges that are experienced while endeavoring to bring nanomedicine from the research facility to the bedside with the end goal of clinical application.