Animal Models

Due to patient compliance and ease, oral drug delivery is the most often used therapeutic administration technique. However, low permeability, enzymatic breakdown, and poor water solubility limit the bioavailability of many medications. Lipid solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), two types of nanoparticles (LNPs), have become potential delivery systems. for enhancing oral drug absorption. This review highlights the classification, functional mechanisms, and formulation factors affecting LNP-based drug delivery systems. This review discusses recent strategies, such as lymphatic transport enhancement, permeability modulation, and drug encapsulation methods. The applications of LNPs in delivering anticancer, antidiabetic, antiviral, and nutraceutical agents are also addressed. Despite regulatory and technical hurdles, continued research and innovation in lipid-based systems have the potential to revolutionize oral drug delivery.

Animal-based testing is important for understanding the performance, mechanism, and translational capacities of floating tablets and in-vitro testing for stomach retention, which is the focus of the current review.  With a limited window for absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract, drug delivery systems (FDDS) are designed to improve the residence time, bioavailability, and controlled release of medications.  The recipes that employed gas-producing agents like sodium bicarbonate and citric acid, as well as hydrophilic polymers like HPMC, carbopol, and sodium alginate, demonstrated exceptional floating properties with a lag time of less than 12 hours. In vitro research studies showed sustained release profiles along the zero-order or non-Fickian kinetics, whereas in vivo testing in albino rats and rabbits showed long gastric retention and better pharmacokinetic results. Gastric safety and biocompatibility was confirmed by histopathological assessments. Direct compression was determined to have the best formulation through comparative analysis based on stable and efficient formulations compared to wet granulation. All in all, animal tests will be a critical preclinical base to determine optimal proportions of polymers, buoyancy, and release characteristics which will make floating pills safe and effective when applied to the clinical setting.

The present study was undertaken with an aim formulation and evaluation of Bilayer Tablets containing Candesartan and Simvastatin by Direct compression and wet granulation method to formulate a stable, safe and convenience dosage form for the better management of most common cardiovascular disorders blood pressure. The formulations of Bilayer tablets showed good results in case of Candesartan immediate release layer physicochemical parameters and prepared using concentration of super disintegrant sodium starch glycolate for the fast release layer and sustained release layer of simvastatin containing HPMC K100 M and ethyl cellulose for the delay the drug release up to 10-12 hrs. The FTIR analysis indicates that the drug is pure. Pre compression and post compression parameters were found to be within the satisfactory limits and hence suitable to formulate Bilayer tablets. The data obtained from in vitro release study shows that there is a delay in release of drug simvastatin from the sustained layer that is just because of its hydrophobic characteristics of the polymer ethyl cellulose and the mechanism involved in the release of drug is due to erosion of polymer surface from the matrix.

Thermosensitive liposomes (TSLs) have emerged as a novel and adaptable platform in nanomedicine, enabling targeted and strategic drug delivery through their thermoresponsive release characteristics. Designed to remain stable at physiological temperatures and to undergo phase transitions at severe hyperthermia (41–43 °C), TSLs can release encapsulated therapeutic agents (e.g., doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, oxaliplatin) in controlled spatial and temporal concentrations to targeted tumors. Preclinical trials demonstrate that TSLs, particularly when combined with localized hyperthermia therapies such as focused ultrasound or radiofrequency heating, significantly enhance intratumoral drug delivery, improve therapeutic efficacy, and diminish systemic toxicity compared to standard chemotherapy. Strategic design changes, including adding lysolipids to lower phase transition temperatures and PEGylation to improve circulation and stem stability, can further improve pharmacokinetics and biocompatibility. A combination of real-time imaging measures gives us a greater chance to follow the liposomes' movement and release medications, which lets us tailor the therapy program to fit each patient. Even though these are good steps forward, there are still problems with standardizing formulations, keeping the temperature very stable throughout hyperthermia, and making preclinical research work for a lot of people in the clinic. Still, ongoing research that focuses on improving the formulation and combining it with other innovative treatments like immunotherapy, gene therapy, and non-invasive thermal procedures is essential to realize the full clinical potential of TSLs. In short, TSLs are a very promising idea for a safe and effective cancer treatment that can be targeted. They also make it possible to improve therapeutic results while keeping off-target side effects to a minimum

The aim of the current research is to prepare and test sustained-release (SR) tablets of Metformin hydrochloride using hydrophilic polymers such as Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC), Xanthan gum and Eudragit RSPO so as to attain sustained glycemic control in diabetic animal models. The wet granulation method is used to prepare tablets and the physicochemical properties such as weight variation, hardness, friability, thickness and uniformity of drug content are determined and all are found to be within acceptable limits. In vitro drug release showed a release of Metformin is controlled over 12 hours with release kinetics consistent with the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, reflecting diffusion and erosion. Sustained drug absorption is observed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats in which in vivo pharmacokinetic analysis of the SR formulations demonstrated a long Tmax and half-life (t1/2) and higher area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) than immediate-release Metformin. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc statistical analysis showed that there are significant differences between formulations (p