Lipid Nanoparticles

Background: Liver, breast, kidney, and brain cancers remain major contributors to global cancer morbidity and mortality. Conventional therapies are limited by systemic toxicity, drug resistance, and tumor heterogeneity. Smart nanoplatforms offer targeted delivery, controlled release, and theranostic capabilities to address these challenges. Objective: This systematic review evaluates the development and clinical translation of smart nanoplatforms between 2019 and 2024, focusing on their design, omics integration, therapy response, and clinical outcomes in liver, breast, kidney, and brain cancers. Methods: Studies published between 2019 and 2024 were systematically analyzed, encompassing preclinical research, clinical trials, and multi-omics-guided nanoparticle strategies. Nanoplatforms were categorized into lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic, and hybrid/bioinspired systems. The review highlights therapy response, biomarker monitoring, and adaptive approaches informed by omics data. Results: Lipid-based and polymeric nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced tumor targeting and reduced systemic toxicity. Inorganic and hybrid/bioinspired platforms enabled imaging-guided therapy and immune evasion. Integration of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics with AI-driven analytics facilitated personalized therapy and adaptive treatment strategies. Clinical trials reported improved patient tolerability, quality of life, and preliminary survival benefits, though translational barriers—including tumor heterogeneity, blood–brain barrier penetration, manufacturing, and regulatory hurdles—remain significant. Conclusions: Smart nanoplatforms represent a transformative approach to precision oncology. The combination of targeted delivery, multi-omics guidance, and AI-driven therapy optimization has the potential to enhance treatment efficacy and patient-specific outcomes. Future research should focus on scalable manufacturing, regulatory standardization, and integration of innovative trial designs to accelerate clinical adoption.

Animal-based testing is important for understanding the performance, mechanism, and translational capacities of floating tablets and in-vitro testing for stomach retention, which is the focus of the current review.  With a limited window for absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract, drug delivery systems (FDDS) are designed to improve the residence time, bioavailability, and controlled release of medications.  The recipes that employed gas-producing agents like sodium bicarbonate and citric acid, as well as hydrophilic polymers like HPMC, carbopol, and sodium alginate, demonstrated exceptional floating properties with a lag time of less than 12 hours. In vitro research studies showed sustained release profiles along the zero-order or non-Fickian kinetics, whereas in vivo testing in albino rats and rabbits showed long gastric retention and better pharmacokinetic results. Gastric safety and biocompatibility was confirmed by histopathological assessments. Direct compression was determined to have the best formulation through comparative analysis based on stable and efficient formulations compared to wet granulation. All in all, animal tests will be a critical preclinical base to determine optimal proportions of polymers, buoyancy, and release characteristics which will make floating pills safe and effective when applied to the clinical setting.