Tirupati Rasala

The invention of good vaccines is one of the most important milestones in global health. Nonetheless, adverse factors like lack of immunogenicity, low antigen stability and the requirement to treat several times has led to the development of novel delivery mechanisms. Niosomes, which are vesicles made of non-ionic surfactants, have also become a promising mode of delivery of vaccines as they are capable of encapsulation of the hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic antigens, controlled release, and stimulation of immune responses. This paper discusses how niosome-based vaccines can be used to enhance antigen presentation, generate humoral and cellular immunity and deal with issues in traditional vaccine preparations. The review is methodologically based on the synthesis of the findings of the available pre-clinical and clinical trials in order to assess the design of the vaccines, their mechanism of action, and immunological effects of niosome-based vaccines. Findings present that niosome formulations enhance stability of antigens, extend the period of circulation, and increase immunogenic reactions relative to conventional adjuvants. The discussion presents their benefits, current weaknesses, and future opportunities in vaccine development particularly in infectious disease and cancer immunotherapy.

This paper explores the preparation of nanoparticles employing the herbal extract in the form of green chemistry that is environmental friendly. The problems inherent with conventional synthesis of nanoparticles, such as the use of extremely harsh chemicals and the intensity of the process, can be dealt with using the herbal-mediated synthesis that is free of costs, biocompatible and environmentally friendly. In this study, emphasis will therefore be made on the phytochemicals in the different medicinal plants (i.e. such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and phenolics) used in the synthesis of nanoparticles, as reducing and stabilizing agents. The nanoparticles synthesized showed great antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activity, which illustrates a possible use as a biomedical agent. Advanced characterization through analytical methods used indicated stability, uniformity and nanometer dimensions. The comparative analysis of the already existing literature was done on the basis of highlighting the virtues of the green-synthesized nanoparticles in the aspects of its safety, eco-friendliness, and multifunctionality in therapeutic applications. The results help to increase the ever-evolving literature that suggests that herbal-based green synthesis mitigates the risk associated with environmental pollution and increases the pharmacological worth of nanoparticles. This paper has established that the green synthesized nanoparticles have potential uses within the realms of medicine, drug delivery and sustainable nanotechnology in the future.

The current study dwells upon the design, optimization and the characterization of chitosan based mucoadhesive nanoparticles (CS-MNPs) entrenched in buccal film preparations of metformin HCl to observe overcoming the shortcomings of traditional oral treatment. Formulation variable including the molecular weight of chitosan, and the ratio of polymer: crosslinker was optimized using ionic gelation and response-surface methodology to yield nanometre-scale particle size, dispersion, high zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency. The optimized CS-MNPs showed extended, 12-hour release of drug, effective ex vivo buccal permeation (flux 4.7 ug/cm2/h), good mucoadhesion (0.42 N), and desirable morphology characterization by TEM and SEM. Stability studies indicated high levels of robustness when in the moderate storage environments, perishable to high relative humidity and temperature. Kinetic modelling implied an abnormal transport mechanism in the release of the drug which included diffusion and the relaxation of the polymer. It is indicated that this buccal drug delivery system has the potential of avoiding first pass metabolism to increase the therapeutic outcome overall as well as patient compliance in management of diabetes, and because of its versatility and dynamic nature to accommodate other forms of drugs which have poor oral bioavailability.