Green synthesis

Dermatological drug delivery remains a major challenge due to the complex structure and barrier properties of the skin, particularly the stratum corneum, which limits the penetration of therapeutic agents. In recent years, niosomes, non-ionic surfactant-based vesicular systems, have emerged as a promising approach to overcome these limitations. Niosomes possess a unique bilayer structure that allows encapsulation of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, enabling enhanced stability, controlled release, and targeted drug delivery to specific skin layers. Their biocompatibility, cost-effectiveness, and ability to improve drug retention make them superior to conventional systems such as creams, gels, and liposomes. Recent advancements in niosomal technology, including elastic niosomes, proniosomes, and surface-modified formulations, have further improved their performance in dermatological applications such as acne, psoriasis, fungal infections, and inflammatory conditions. Moreover, the integration of nanotechnology and development of hybrid niosome–hydrogel systems have expanded their potential for both therapeutic and cosmetic use. This review highlights the structural characteristics, formulation strategies, mechanisms of skin targeting, and current research trends in niosome-based drug delivery systems, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize topical and transdermal therapies.

Liposomal drug delivery systems have been developed as a potential favourite to ameliorate the dermal delivery of the anti-aging substances because they are biocompatible, have the capacity to bind both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs and possess the ability to boost targeted treatments. In this work the systematic study was done to optimize liposomal formulations against skin penetration by application of Design of Experiments (DoE) approach. The factorial design was used to optimize various formulation parameters such as phospholipid concentration, cholesterol content and hydration time and their influence on the effect on vesicle size, entrapment efficiency and in-vitro skin penetration established. The statistical analysis indicated there was important interaction among the variables and therefore optimal formulation was defined using the technique and it performed better in terms of skin permeation behavior. The findings indicate the effectiveness of the DoE strategy in the development of formulation and the potential of optimized liposomes as a delivery vehicle to anti-aging products.