Skin Permeation

The objective of the research was to develop and evaluate niosomal preparations of diclofenac sodium with the view of enhancing transdermal drug delivery in animals. Niosomes were prepared using thin-film hydration technique, which is based on non-ionic surfactants and vesicle, and they were characterized based on particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and morphology. The performance of the formulations was calculated in comparison to conventional gel by undertaking ex vivo skin permeation test in rat skin and in vivo pharmacokinetic test on Wistar rats. Findings showed that niosomal preparations and specifically Niosome F3 had a smaller particle size, greater entrapment efficiency, and better stability which resulted in a significant enhancement of skin permeation and the sustained system levels of absorption. Ex vivo experiments revealed that optimized niosomes had almost twice the drug permeation rate versus conventional gel whereas in vivo experiments revealed improved peak plasma concentrations and increased drug retention. These data confirm the hypotheses suggested and indicate that niosomal carriers are an appropriate method of overcoming the barrier of stratum corneum, increasing drug delivery, and achieving controlled release. The research emphasizes the opportunities offered by niosomal formulations as a flexible and effective carrier of transdermal drugs delivery, as a method to enhance the therapeutic effect, the efficiency of the dosing schedule, and minimize the side effects experienced by the system.

This study represents glucose-responsive insulin delivery by a microneedle patch for improved treatment of T1D. In direct response to increased blood glucose levels, insulin is released from the biodegradable glucose-responsive polymers comprising the patch. Results from the in-vitro experiment on synthetic skin models proved very effective; dose-dependent insulin release was measured, with a maximum of up to 90% after 6 hours at 250 mg/dL glucose. In-vivo tests on diabetic rats showed that it reduced blood glucose levels by 50%, which is far better than conventional insulin delivery modes. Histological studies showed no evidence of skin damage. This microneedle patch may provide a more effective and user-friendly alternative to insulin delivery systems.