Machine Learning (ML)

Leptospirosis or commonly referred to as Weil’s disease is an emerging neglected zoonotic bacterial infection that poses great challenges globally due to its complicated epidemiology, varied presentations, and increased prevalence linked with climate change, urbanization, and environmental pollution. Despite advancements in the diagnostic procedures and treatment options with antibiotics, delayed diagnosis and inadequate surveillance systems still hinder disease control efforts. This review provides current information about the disease with regard to the causative agents, pathogenesis, epidemiology, bio-screening techniques, and therapies of leptospirosis together with new developments in artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), modeling, geospatial analysis, three-dimensional (3D) fingerprinting, digital pathology, and precision medicine. Some of the emerging technologies such as explainable AI, deep learning (DL), Geographic Information System (GIS), Bayesian, and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model, biomarker-based diagnostics, and AI -based drug discovery have demonstrated significant potential in the context of disease surveillance, prediction of outbreaks, prognosis, and personalization of clinical interventions. This review further addresses aspects like vaccine development, digital health, and the difficulties of transitioning these technologies into practice. The integration of intelligent computing techniques and molecular diagnostics in conjunction with One Health surveillance may offer a promising approach to achieve early detection, precise treatment, and preparedness in leptospirosis.

Biodegradable polymers present an environmentally safe alternative to reduce plastic waste by replacing traditional petroleum-based plastics. This review covered their classification, synthesis, properties, applications, and limitations, with examples of natural polymers, for example, starch and cellulose, and synthetic polymers like polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), and polycaprolactone (PCL). Different synthesis techniques, including bacterial fermentation, polymerization, and blending, were discussed for their advantages and disadvantages. These polymers have many uses in industry, including packaging, agriculture, biomedical applications, and textiles, but some limiting conditions exist, such as high processing costs, mechanical strength, and biological dependence for breakdown. To overcome these obstacles, a range of factors such as cheap feedstocks, genetic engineering, and improved processing, including green catalysts and nanocomposites, are worth investigating. It is also important to contextualize biodegradability in real-world cases that will shed light on the actual impact these polymers will have on the environment. If we continue this innovative research, amending policies, and work together as a sector, then biodegradable polymers will lead sustainable initiatives and drive us in the right direction towards a circular economy.