G. Neethirajan

Obesity, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes are examples of metabolic disorders that pose serious worldwide health risks. These conditions are typified by oxidative stress, persistent low-grade inflammation, and disturbed lipid and glucose metabolism. The study of complementary and alternative methods has been prompted by the fact that, despite their effectiveness, conventional pharmaceutical treatments are frequently constrained by side effects, high prices, and incomplete efficacy. With an emphasis on holistic and multi-targeted therapies using single herbs and polyherbal combinations, traditional Indian medical systems, especially Ayurveda, offer a centuries-old storehouse of botanical knowledge. Numerous preclinical investigations in animal models show that these plant-based treatments can improve overall metabolic homeostasis by regulating important molecular pathways like PPARs, AMPK, and GLUT4, suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhancing antioxidant defenses, and modulating lipid and glucose metabolism. Synergistic effects are sometimes seen in polyherbal formulations, which provide better benefits across several physiological pathways than single-plant therapies. Although these results demonstrate the therapeutic value of Ayurvedic treatments and their conformity to contemporary scientific concepts, issues with standardization, mechanistic clarification, and comparative effectiveness with mainstream medications still exist. A promising framework for the creation of safe, efficient, and evidence-based phytotherapeutics to control the rising worldwide burden of metabolic illnesses is provided by combining traditional Indian medical knowledge with modern research.

The delivery of drugs into the eye is an important issue because there are physiological barriers to the delivery of drugs that include tear turnover, corneal impermeability, and nasolacrimal drainage. Traditional formulae do not readily attain therapeutic concentrations at the desired site and the need to develop new delivery systems has arisen. Non-ionic surfactant-based vesicular carriers (niosomes) have become a promising alternative to liposomes and conventional dosage forms because of their biocompatibility, stability and encapsulation of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. The review indicates the concepts of the niosome technology, current development trends in the field of ocular applications, and the benefits of the niosome technology over the traditional systems. The most important studies that investigate the therapeutic outcomes of treating such conditions as glaucoma, conjunctivitis, retinal disorders are presented, as well as the problem of stability, scalability, and ocular irritation. The paper ends by identifying gaps in the research and proposing areas of future growth, which makes the niosomes an effective approach to transform ocular therapeutics.