Bhushan Lal Lal

Nano-immunotherapy leverages advanced nanocarrier systems to overcome limitations of conventional immunotherapies, providing precise immune modulation through targeted delivery of antigens, immunomodulators, and genetic material. Lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic, and hybrid nanocarriers enable controlled release, enhanced bioavailability, and site-specific immune activation, optimizing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity. Pharmaceutical formulation strategies, including particle engineering, surface functionalization, and payload optimization, are critical to enhancing immune targeting and pharmacokinetics. Clinically, nano-immunotherapeutics have demonstrated remarkable success in vaccines, cancer immunotherapy, and genetic disease treatment, exemplified by mRNA-LNP COVID-19 vaccines and liposomal chemotherapies. Despite challenges in manufacturing, stability, and regulatory approval, emerging trends such as AI-driven design, personalized formulations, and integration with gene-editing technologies forecast a future of precision nano-immunotherapy with broad clinical impact.

Biodegradable polymers have emerged as essential components in advanced drug delivery systems, enabling controlled, sustained, and site-specific therapeutic release while minimizing systemic toxicity. This comprehensive review covers the design principles, degradation mechanisms, and drug release dynamics of natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers such as PLGA, PCL, chitosan, and alginate. Their adaptability allows fabrication into nanoparticles, microspheres, hydrogels, and scaffolds tailored to various clinical needs, including cancer therapy, vaccine delivery, gene therapy, and tissue engineering. The review discusses hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation processes, surface versus bulk erosion behaviors, and factors influencing polymer degradation and drug release kinetics. Case studies highlight FDA-approved formulations leveraging these polymers for enhanced therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. Challenges such as variability in degradation rates, formulation stability, manufacturing scale-up, and regulatory hurdles are addressed. Emerging frontiers in smart stimuli-responsive systems, hybrid polymers, AI-driven design, and personalized medicine underscore the future potential of biodegradable polymers as cornerstones of precision and sustainable therapeutics.