Ethnobotanical Perspectives on Medicinal Plants Used in the Management of Arthritis: Traditional Knowledge, Pharmacological Evidence, and Future Therapeutic Potential

Arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects millions of people worldwide, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. Traditional medicinal plants have long been utilized as alternative treatments, particularly in rural and indigenous communities. This ethnobotanical review aims to document and analyse the medicinal plants historically used to treat arthritis, focusing on plant identification, preparation methods, administration techniques, and associated cultural knowledge. The study systematically reviews ethnobotanical literature and field surveys involving traditional healers, herbalists, and indigenous practitioners. Data collection methods include semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations, with plant species identified through taxonomic classification and verified using existing botanical literature. Findings indicate that numerous plant species possess significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, with leaves, roots, bark, and seeds commonly used in decoctions, infusions, poultices, and topical applications. Although many of these plants have been cited in scientific literature for their therapeutic potential, further pharmacological and phytochemical investigations are necessary to validate their efficacy and safety. The study underscores the importance of preserving indigenous knowledge and integrating ethnobotanical research into contemporary healthcare systems. Future research should focus on standardization, sustainable conservation of medicinal plants, and clinical trials to establish their role in arthritis treatment.