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         article-type="Research Paper"
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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Integrated Medical Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">JPRIMS</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">3049-1681</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Dr. Arpan Kumar Tripathi</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.64063/3049-1681.vol3.issue10.000307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JPRIMS1030005</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>In Vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Evaluation of Optimized Dragon Fruit and Kiwi Fruit Herbal Syrup</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shantilal Rathod</surname>
            <given-names>Ketan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Modi</surname>
            <given-names>Jignesh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>R. Patel</surname>
            <given-names>Ravikumar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shivubha Zala</surname>
            <given-names>Kalubha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bhupendrakumar Patel</surname>
            <given-names>Zalak</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pravinbhai Patel</surname>
            <given-names>Rakeshkumar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chandrakant Patel</surname>
            <given-names>Jahanviben</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Patel</surname>
            <given-names>Anuviral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">Shree Swaminarayan College of Pharmacy, Swaminarayan University, Kalol, Gujarat, 382725, India</aff>
      <aff id="aff2">Shree Swaminarayan Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Swaminarayan University, Kalol, Gujarat, 382725, India</aff>
      <aff id="aff3">K. N. School of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat – 380481, India.</aff>
      <aff id="aff4">A-One Pharmacy College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat – 382330, India.</aff>
      <aff id="aff5">SAL Institute of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat – 380060, India.</aff>
      <aff id="aff6">SAL Institute of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat – 380060, India</aff>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-10-28">
        <month>10</month>
        <day>28</day>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>3</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <fpage>65</fpage>
      <lpage>71</lpage>
      <abstract>
        <p>Background: Fruit peels are sources of phytoconstituents including polyphenols and flavonoids. Dragon fruit and kiwi fruit peel extracts were incorporated into an optimized herbal syrup to utilize their biological potential. Objective: The study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of an optimized syrup containing ethanolic and aqueous peel extracts of dragon fruit and kiwi fruit. Methods: The optimized syrup contained a total peel-extract load of 5.0% w/v. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH radical-scavenging assay at syrup concentrations of 10-50 mg/mL, with ascorbic acid at 20-100 µg/mL as standard. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using ciprofloxacin (5 µg/mL) as positive standard. Results: DPPH scavenging increased from 22.56% at 10 mg/mL to 85.51% at 50 mg/mL. The calculated IC50 values were 25.18 mg/mL for the syrup and 37.92 µg/mL for ascorbic acid. The syrup produced zones of inhibition of 22.4 ± 0.5 mm against S. aureus and 18.6 ± 0.8 mm against E. coli. Net zones were 16.4 and 12.6 mm, and relative antibacterial efficacies were 73.87% and 61.46%, respectively. Conclusion: The optimized formulation demonstrated concentration-dependent DPPH radical-scavenging activity and antibacterial activity against both test organisms, with greater antibacterial activity against S. aureus.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
        <kwd>Dragon fruit</kwd>
        <kwd>Kiwi fruit</kwd>
        <kwd>Fruit peel</kwd>
        <kwd>Herbal syrup</kwd>
        <kwd>DPPH</kwd>
        <kwd>Antioxidant activity</kwd>
        <kwd>Antibacterial activity</kwd>
        <kwd>Staphylococcus aureus</kwd>
        <kwd>Escherichia coli</kwd>
        <kwd>IC50</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
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